Whats the advantage of fibre over copper telephone line

 

 

 

 

 

Fibre-optic cables have several advantages over traditional copper telephone lines, especially for internet and telecommunications:

1. Faster Speeds

• Fibre-optic cables can transmit data at speeds up to 100 Gbps or more, while copper lines (DSL) typically max out at around 100 Mbps.
• Fibre offers symmetrical speeds (equal upload and download speeds), unlike copper-based broadband, which often has much slower uploads.

2. Higher Bandwidth

• Fibre supports much higher data capacity than copper, making it ideal for modern applications like 4K streaming, cloud computing, and online gaming.
• Copper lines suffer from bandwidth limitations, especially when multiple users are connected.

3. Lower Latency

• Fibre connections have minimal lag compared to copper, making them ideal for video calls, gaming, and remote work.
• Copper cables experience more signal interference, leading to higher latency.

4. Longer Distance Transmission

• Fibre signals can travel up to 40 km or more without degradation.
• Copper lines experience signal loss beyond 100 meters, requiring amplifiers to boost the signal.

5. Better Reliability & Stability

• Fibre is resistant to electromagnetic interference (EMI), weather conditions, and electrical interference.
• Copper lines are prone to signal degradation, corrosion, and interference from electrical devices.

6. Energy Efficiency & Durability

• Fibre-optic cables consume less power than copper because they use light instead of electrical signals.
• They are also more durable, resistant to weather, and less likely to degrade over time.

When will 6G be ready

 

 

 

 

6G is expected to be commercially available around 2030. Development is already underway, with research efforts led by organizations like 3GPP, ITU, and major telecom companies (Nokia, Ericsson, Huawei, Samsung, etc.). However, key milestones include:

• 2025-2026: Initial standards and testing
• 2027-2028: Pre-commercial trials
• 2030: Expected commercial rollout

6G will bring faster speeds (up to 1 Tbps), ultra-low latency, AI integration, and terahertz (THz) spectrum usage, enabling innovations in holographic communication, smart cities, and real-time immersive experiences.

Would you like details on specific aspects of 6G, such as its impact on industries or how it differs from 5G?

5g benefits over 4g 

 

5G offers several advantages over 4G, improving speed, latency, capacity, and connectivity. Here are the key benefits:

1. Faster Speeds

• 5G: Can reach 10 Gbps (theoretical peak), with real-world speeds 100 Mbps to 1 Gbps.
• 4G: Maxes out at around 100 Mbps to 1 Gbps in ideal conditions.
• Benefit: Faster downloads, streaming in 4K/8K, and instant app loading.

2. Lower Latency (Response Time)

• 5G: 1-10 milliseconds (ms)
• 4G: 30-50 ms
• Benefit: Real-time gaming, ultra-responsive AR/VR, and improved remote surgery capabilities.

3. Higher Capacity & More Devices

• 5G: Supports 1 million devices per square km
• 4G: Supports about 100,000 devices per square km
• Benefit: Better performance in crowded areas (stadiums, cities, concerts), smart city connectivity, and IoT (smart homes, vehicles, industries).

4. Better Network Efficiency & Energy Savings

• 5G: Uses advanced technologies like beamforming and network slicing to optimize data usage.
• Benefit: More efficient bandwidth use and lower power consumption for IoT devices.

5. Supports New Technologies

• 5G unlocks innovations like:
  • Autonomous vehicles (real-time decision-making)
  • Remote surgeries & healthcare (ultra-reliable connections)
  • AR/VR and Metaverse (seamless, immersive experiences)
  • Smart factories & automation (faster machine communication)

Conclusion

5G isn't just about speed—it's about low latency, massive connectivity, and enabling new tech. However, it still requires widespread infrastructure deployment, including small cells and higher frequency bands (mmWave), which is why coverage varies.

Would you like a comparison of 5G vs. 6G or details on 5G rollout in your area?

What is the benefit of fibre over copper telecoms

 

 

 

 

 

Fiber-optic telecommunications offer several advantages over copper-based systems, making them the preferred choice for modern networks. Here are the key benefits:

1. Higher Bandwidth

• Fiber: Provides significantly higher bandwidth, supporting data transmission rates of terabits per second, which are ideal for high-speed internet, video streaming, and other data-intensive applications.
• Copper: Limited in bandwidth and struggles to support modern data needs, especially over long distances.

2. Faster Speeds

• Fiber: Transmits data as light signals, enabling near-instantaneous communication over vast distances.
• Copper: Uses electrical signals, which are slower and prone to signal degradation.

3. Greater Distance

• Fiber: Maintains signal strength over distances up to 40-60 kilometers (and even longer with amplification technologies) without significant loss.
• Copper: Signal degrades quickly, often requiring repeaters after just a few kilometers.

4. Lower Latency

• Fiber: Reduces latency, improving performance for real-time applications like video conferencing, gaming, and cloud computing.
• Copper: Higher latency can hinder the performance of these applications.

5. Immunity to Electromagnetic Interference (EMI)

• Fiber: Unaffected by EMI because it uses light rather than electricity for data transmission.
• Copper: Susceptible to interference from nearby electrical equipment and environmental factors, which can degrade signal quality.

6. Security

• Fiber: Harder to tap or intercept signals without detection, providing enhanced data security.
• Copper: Easier to tap, increasing the risk of data breaches.

7. Durability and Reliability

• Fiber: Resistant to environmental factors like temperature fluctuations, moisture, and corrosion.
• Copper: Prone to corrosion and degradation over time, especially in harsh environments.

8. Scalability

• Fiber: Can support future technologies and higher data demands with minimal infrastructure upgrades.
• Copper: Limited scalability due to its physical and technical constraints.

9. Energy Efficiency

• Fiber: Consumes less power for data transmission, reducing operational costs for large-scale networks.
• Copper: Requires more power to transmit signals over comparable distances.

10. Lower Maintenance Costs

• Fiber: Once installed, fiber-optic systems generally require less maintenance and have a longer lifespan.
• Copper: Needs frequent maintenance due to susceptibility to wear and environmental damage.

Summary

While fiber-optic systems may have higher initial installation costs, their superior performance, durability, and lower operational costs make them a better long-term investment than copper-based systems. This is why fiber optics is becoming the backbone of modern telecommunications.

how does voice over IP WORK

 

 

 

 

 

Voice over IP (VoIP) allows users to make voice calls using the internet instead of traditional phone lines. It converts voice signals into digital data and transmits them over the internet. Here’s how it works step by step:

1. Signal Conversion

• Analog to Digital: When you speak into a microphone or phone, your voice is captured as an analog sound wave.
• Digitization: This analog signal is converted into digital data using an Analog-to-Digital Converter (ADC).

2. Compression and Packetization

• Compression: The digital data is compressed to reduce file size, making it easier to send over the internet. This is done using codecs like G.711, G.729, or Opus.
• Packetization: The compressed data is broken into small packets. Each packet includes:
  • The voice data.
  • A header with routing information (e.g., sender and recipient IP addresses).

3. Transmission

• The packets are sent across the internet using the Internet Protocol (IP). This is the same protocol used for other online data, like emails and web browsing.
• The packets may travel different routes to reach the destination, depending on network traffic.

4. Reassembly

• At the destination, the packets are reassembled in the correct order.
• Lost packets can sometimes be reconstructed or ignored depending on the VoIP system.

5. Digital to Analog Conversion

• The reassembled digital data is converted back into an analog audio signal using a Digital-to-Analog Converter (DAC).
• The analog signal is played through the recipient’s speaker or headphones, completing the call.

Key Components in VoIP Systems:

• VoIP Phones or Adapters: Devices or software that enable users to make calls. This can include apps like Zoom or physical IP phones.
• SIP Protocol: A signaling protocol (Session Initiation Protocol) that sets up, manages, and terminates calls.
• RTP Protocol: Real-Time Transport Protocol ensures voice data is delivered smoothly and in sync.
• VoIP Service Providers: Companies like Skype, Zoom, or Vonage that provide VoIP services.

Advantages of VoIP

• Cost-effective, especially for long-distance and international calls.
• Flexible (can be used on various devices like smartphones, computers, or VoIP phones).
• Advanced features like call forwarding, voicemail-to-email, and video conferencing.

Challenges

• Requires a stable internet connection.
• Latency or jitter can occur if the network is congested.
• Relies on electricity, unlike traditional landlines.

Let me know if you'd like more details about any specific aspect of VoIP!

Top ten telecom facts

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Sure, here are ten interesting facts about the telecommunications industry:

1. Global Reach: Telecommunications has enabled unprecedented global connectivity. Today, there are over 7 billion mobile subscriptions worldwide, surpassing the global population.

2. Internet Traffic: The volume of internet traffic continues to grow exponentially. As of recent data, global internet traffic has reached several petabytes per second, driven by streaming services, social media, and the proliferation of connected devices.

3. 5G Revolution: The rollout of 5G networks promises to revolutionize telecommunications by offering faster speeds, lower latency, and greater capacity. It's expected to enable innovations like autonomous vehicles, remote surgery, and augmented reality.

4. Submarine Cables: Underwater fiber optic cables carry approximately 99% of international data traffic. These cables span vast distances across oceans, connecting continents and facilitating global communication.

5. Satellite Communication: While submarine cables dominate international data transmission, satellites play a crucial role in connecting remote regions where terrestrial infrastructure is impractical. They're used for broadcasting, internet access, and communication in areas lacking terrestrial coverage.

6. Mobile Money: Telecommunications has facilitated the rise of mobile money services, particularly in developing countries where traditional banking infrastructure is limited. Mobile money allows users to conduct financial transactions using their mobile phones, fostering financial inclusion.

7. Cybersecurity Challenges: With increased connectivity comes greater cybersecurity risks. Telecommunications networks are prime targets for cyber attacks, requiring constant vigilance and investment in robust security measures to safeguard sensitive data and infrastructure.

8. Internet of Things (IoT): The proliferation of IoT devices, ranging from smart appliances to industrial sensors, relies heavily on telecommunications networks to transmit data. IoT has applications across various sectors, including healthcare, agriculture, and manufacturing.

9. Telecommuting and Remote Work: Advances in telecommunications technology have facilitated the rise of telecommuting and remote work arrangements. High-speed internet, video conferencing, and collaboration tools enable employees to work from anywhere, transforming traditional notions of the workplace.

10. Digital Divide: Despite significant advancements, the digital divide persists, with disparities in access to telecommunications infrastructure and services between urban and rural areas, as well as between developed and developing regions. Bridging this gap remains a significant challenge for policymakers and industry stakeholders.

These facts showcase the profound impact of telecommunications on society, economy, and technology, highlighting both its opportunities and challenges.

What is the biggest mobile market in the world

 

 

 

As of my last update in January 2022, China was the largest mobile market in the world in terms of both users and revenue. With its vast population and rapid adoption of mobile technology, China has remained a dominant force in the global mobile market for years. However, market conditions can change, so it's always good to check for the most current data to confirm.

 

 As of my last update, China had over 1.3 billion mobile phone users. However, please note that this number may have changed since then due to population growth, technological advancements, and shifts in consumer behavior. For the most accurate and up-to-date information, I recommend referring to recent statistics or research reports from reliable sources such as government agencies or market research firms specializing in telecommunications.

 

 he major Chinese cell networks are:

1. China Mobile: China Mobile is the largest mobile network operator in China and the world by subscribers. It provides services for mainland China and has a massive customer base.

2. China Unicom: China Unicom is another major telecommunications provider in China, offering both mobile and fixed-line services. It is one of the three largest telecommunications companies in the country.

3. China Telecom: China Telecom is one of the largest telecommunications companies in China, providing a wide range of services including fixed-line, mobile, and broadband internet services. It operates in both mainland China and internationally.

These three companies dominate the telecommunications market in China, providing mobile services to billions of users across the country.

Who was mercury one 2 one

 

 

 

 

 

Mercury One 2 One was a British mobile telecommunications company that operated in the United Kingdom. It was established in 1993 as a joint venture between Mercury Communications and US West. The company provided mobile phone services using the GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications) standard. In 1999, the company was rebranded as One 2 One, and subsequently, it was acquired by Deutsche Telekom and France Télécom (now Orange S.A.). After the acquisition, the company was integrated into the Orange brand. Today, the mobile network that was once Mercury One 2 One operates under the Orange brand as part of Orange UK, which is owned by Orange S.A.

 

 Mercury One 2 One, like many mobile network operators, did not produce handsets themselves. Instead, they offered a range of handsets from various manufacturers for use with their network. These handsets included models from companies like Nokia, Motorola, Ericsson (now Sony Ericsson), Siemens, and others. Customers could choose from a selection of phones offered by the network operator, typically ranging from basic feature phones to more advanced models with additional features such as cameras and internet connectivity.